Dr Jonathan Halevy*

Health authorities in Việt Nam have reported a significant increase in cases of invasive meningococcal disease, a serious bacterial infection that can cause meningitis and bloodstream infection.

In the past year, 95 cases were recorded, compared with 21 cases the previous year, representing a 353 per cent increase. Three deaths have been confirmed. 

In November 2025 alone, 11 cases of meningococcal meningitis were reported, suggesting ongoing transmission during the winter-spring period, when respiratory infections tend to spread more easily.

What causes the disease

The illness is caused by the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis. Several forms of the bacteria exist, known as serogroups. Five major serogroups; A, B, C, W, and Y, are currently circulating in Việt Nam. Health experts are particularly concerned about the increasing presence of serogroup W, which has been associated with higher mortality rates in several regions worldwide.

How it spreads

The bacteria spread through respiratory droplets and close contact, such as coughing, kissing, or sharing drinks or utensils. Many healthy teenagers and young adults carry the bacteria in their throat without symptoms, allowing it to spread silently within communities.

Why early treatment is critical

Meningococcal disease can progress extremely quickly, sometimes becoming life-threatening within hours.  Without treatment, the death rate can reach up to 50 per cent, even with intensive care, mortality is about 8-15 per cent. Around 20 per cent of survivors develop long-term complications, including hearing loss, neurological damage, or limb tissue loss. Early recognition and rapid antibiotic treatment within the first 24 hours significantly improves survival.

Early symptoms to watch for

Early symptoms may resemble the flu, which is why the infection is sometimes missed at first. Common early symptoms include:

• Sudden fever
• Severe headache
• Fatigue or unusual sleepiness
• Nausea or vomiting
• Dizziness
• Muscle aches
• Cold hands and feet
• Sensitivity to light
• Confusion or difficulty concentrating

Signs of meningitis

If the infection develops into meningococcal meningitis, additional symptoms may include:

• Stiff neck
• Pain when bending the neck
• Difficulty looking at bright light
• Drowsiness or trouble waking up

Signs of bloodstream infection

If the bacteria enter the bloodstream and cause septic shock, warning signs may include:

• A purple or dark rash that does not fade when pressed
• Rapid breathing
• Severe weakness
• Pale or blotchy skin
• Cold, clammy skin

Seek urgent medical care immediately if someone has - high fever together with severe headache, stiff neck, confusion, or a rash.

Prevention: caccination

Because many people carry the bacteria without symptoms, vaccination is the most effective way to prevent meningococcal disease. Protection against the most common strains requires two types of vaccines:

Menactra

Protects against serogroups A, C, W, and Y.

Age to start: from nine months

Schedule:

• Nine–23 months: two doses, at least three months apart
• Two–55 years: one single dose

Boosters

Children vaccinated before age two may need a booster after three years if they remain at risk. Those vaccinated at age two or older may require boosters about every five years if exposure risk continues.

Bexsero

Protects against serogroup B, historically one of the most common causes of meningococcal disease.

Age to start: from two months

Schedule:

• Two-11 months: two doses + booster at 12–15 months
• One-10 years: two doses (two months apart)
• 11–25 years: two doses (at least one month apart)

Who Should Consider Vaccination

Vaccination is particularly recommended for:

• Infants and young children
• Adolescents and young adults
• Students living in dormitories or boarding schools
• Military recruits
• People with increased exposure risk

If you have questions about meningococcal vaccination or symptoms, please speak with your healthcare provider. Both the Bexsero and Menactra meningitis vaccinations are available at all FMP clinics across Việt Nam. — Family Medical Practice

*Dr Jonathan Halevy is one of the most knowledgeable paediatricians at Family Medical Practice, with years of international training and experience. A graduate of Tel Aviv University’s prestigious Sackler School of Medicine, he has honed his expertise in paediatric care across diverse medical environments. From routine wellness visits to managing complex medical conditions, Dr Halevy’s meticulous approach and deep understanding of child health have earned him the trust of countless families. His ability to connect with both children and parents ensures a supportive and reassuring experience, delivering care that meets the highest international standards.

FMP Healthcare Group operates medical centres in major cities including HCM City, Hà Nội and Đà Nẵng, offering consultations with international doctors, check-up centres and emergency ambulance services.

To book an appointment with Dr Jonathan Halevy, please contact our FMP clinic at Diamond Plaza, 34 Lê Duẩn, Sài Gòn Ward, HCM City, via phone at +84 28 3822 7848 or email hcmc@vietnammedicalpractice.com.

In HCM City, we have clinics in Districts 1, 2, and 7, along with the Care 1 - Executive Health Check-Up Centre and internationally accredited *9999 emergency ambulance services.